Withania somnifera Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Potentiates Its Therapeutic Efficacy Targeting SIRT1/Nrf2, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

Abstract

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a very powerful chemotherapy drug. However, its severe toxicity and potential for resistance development limit its application. Withania somnifera L. Dunal (WIT) has therapeutic capacities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This study investigates the preventative benefits of a standardized WIT extract against DOX-induced renal damage in vivo. We also investigate the synergistic effects of combining WIT and DOX to improve therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer cells (MCF7-ADR). Methods: This study employed an animal model where rats were administered 300 mg/kg/day of WIT orally for a duration of 14 days. Rats received DOX injections at a dose of 5 mg/kg, for a total of 15 mg, on the 6th, 8th, and 10th days. Results: Present results revealed that WIT reduced DOX-induced increase levels of blood urea and creatinine and the activity of kidney injury molecule-1. WIT also reduced renal tissue damage, oxidative stress, and levels of pro-inflammatory markers. WIT alleviated the effects of DOX on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and sirtuin 1 in the renal tissues. WIT modulated nuclear factor-κB activity and decreased apoptotic indicators. Furthermore, WIT improves DOX’s capacity to kill drug-resistant MCF7-ADR cells by arresting the cell cycle and promoting apoptosis. Chemical analysis of WIT root extract revealed 34 distinct compounds, including alkaloids, withanolides, flavanones, and fatty acids. Conclusions: These constituents synergistically contribute to WIT’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In addition, they confirm its ability to reduce systemic toxicity while improving treatment efficacy.