Welfare Status of Transport Camels in and Around Jigjiga Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract

This study was conducted from April to December 2021 to assess the welfare status of transport camels and evaluate community awareness and perceptions regarding camel welfare in the Fafan Zone of the Somali Region, Ethiopia. A total of 384 camels were examined for welfare issues, and 132 camel owners were interviewed. Most respondents were illiterate females with an average age of 37.44 ± 5.9 years, originating from Shabelay, Harawo, and Danbal areas. All participants owned and used their camels for transport, primarily for carrying wood, charcoal, and other goods. Camels typically transported around eight sacks of charcoal or an average load of 60.23 ± 13.27 kg. Rope and sticks were commonly used to guide and control the animals. Camel transport occurred twice a week, with animals walking 6–10 hours per day on both footpaths and vehicle roads. Body condition scoring showed 15.1% of camels were in good condition, 52.6% medium, and 32.3% poor. Physical examination revealed a wound prevalence of 52.3%, mainly affecting the back, chest, legs, and neck. Ticks were present on 53.4% of the camels. While most owners allowed their camels to rest at least once during long journeys, others did not. Traditional remedies were predominantly used to treat injuries; few sought veterinary services, while some relied on self-healing. The study found that camel welfare awareness among owners was very low. Despite this, some indigenous practices were applied to reduce stress, such as using protective saddles, feeding and watering before transport, resting during long trips, and training camels for better cooperation. Common challenges faced included long travel distances, lack of feed and water, poor market access, and road disruptions. Overall, the findings highlight the limited understanding and attention given to camel welfare and management practices. To improve the welfare and productivity of transport camels, it is recommended that government agencies promote awareness through mass education, extension programs, training, and advisory services.