review · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research
Bioenergy serves as an alternative to fossil fuels, which cause environmental issues and currently dominate global energy supplies, with renewables contributing roughly 14 percent. Biofuels provide sustainable and eco-friendly options using low-cost raw materials. Conversion processes such as combustion, pyrolysis, fermentation, gasification, and anaerobic digestion transform biomass into biofuels for the green economy. Different biomass physical characteristics determine biofuel production potential. Viable feedstocks include lignocellulosic materials, agricultural and forestry residues, municipal solid waste, food waste, and animal manure. Evaluating these resources involves examining life cycle assessment and techno-economic importance alongside varying compositions and material properties. Thermochemical conversion techniques feature specific strengths and weaknesses that influence their potential for scaled application and commercialisation in power generation and transport systems.
Heavy dependence on fossil fuels drives environmental degradation, necessitating a transition toward sustainable energy sources. Waste biomass offers an eco-friendly, low-cost raw material for biofuel generation. Understanding how different waste materials and conversion processes operate supports cleaner energy generation and transportation, aiding efforts to establish a functional green economy.
The work addresses power production and transportation sectors seeking alternatives to fossil fuels. Intended users include bioenergy developers, municipal waste handlers, and agricultural operators processing feedstocks such as manures and solid waste. Because the work reviews conversion techniques, life cycle assessments, and techno-economic factors, it operates as an evaluative reference rather than a tested product, with the surveyed technologies ranging across various stages of scalar readiness and commercialisation.
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Fossil fuels are primary sources for energy production. Increased dependence on fossil fuels has resulted in increased environmental issues demanding alternative sources. Bioenergy is becoming a popular alternative energy source due to its positive environmental impact and the availability of renewable sources. However, the availability of renewable energy sources in the energy sector currently contributes to about 14%. Biofuels are preferred due to its sustainability, eco‐friendly approach, and low‐cost raw materials, making it an efficient technique for energy production. This article provides the fundamental and applied concepts for on conversion processes of biomass to biofuels, such as combustion, pyrolysis, fermentation, gasification, and anaerobic digestion along with their role in the green economy. Different physical characteristics of biomass resources are important and contribute to determining their potential for producing biofuels. Herein, LCA, its techno‐economic importance, and the role of biomass in green economy are explained. Varying compositions and properties of different types of biomass resources, including lignocellulosic feedstocks, agriculture and forest residue, municipal solid waste, food waste, and animal manure as potential biomass resources, have been discussed. The article explains the strengths and weaknesses of different thermochemical conversion techniques and their current input toward scalar applications and commercialization.
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DOI: 10.1002/aesr.202400104
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