Ultralow-Loading Co ₂ VO ₄ Nanoparticles Embedded in PMMA/PVDF Nanocomposite Membranes for Comprehensive Ultraviolet and Blue Light Attenuation

Abstract

The escalating depletion of the ozone layer has intensified exposure to harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, necessitating the development of advanced protective materials. Co₂VO₄/PMMA/PVDF nanocomposites were fabricated by incorporating ultralow concentrations (0.3% w/v) of cobalt vanadate (Co₂VO₄) nanoparticles into poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly-(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend membranes via solution casting. The nanocomposites demonstrated complete blocking of the UV region (UVC, UVB, and UVA) as well as blue light, with the optimal composition (NC-0.3, 0.3% w/v) exhibiting optical direct and indirect band gaps of 2.8 and 2.4 eV, respectively. Remarkably, this optimized composition simultaneously enhanced mechanical properties like elastic modulus and tensile strength, which increased by 11.8% and 6.63% compared to pure polymer. At the same time, it maintains exceptional photostability after 40 h of continuous UV exposure. Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The NC-0.6 nanocomposite also exhibited a shift toward hydrophobic behavior, with a contact angle of 87° and improved thermal stability. These superior multifunctional properties position Co₂VO₄/PMMA/PVDF nanocomposites as practical, cost-effective materials for UV-protective glazing, outdoor protective coatings, and sterilization equipment applications, demonstrating an effective approach for developing next-generation radiation-shielding technologies.