article · RSC Advances
Researchers have synthesised core-shell silver and selenium dioxide magnetic nanoparticles using an ethanol extract of turmeric. Plant-derived compounds, particularly phenolics, functioned as reducing and stabilising agents, yielding spherical, crystalline nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nanometres and a three-to-one silver-to-selenium atomic ratio. The biosynthesis process was modelled and optimised using Box-Behnken design alongside an artificial neural network, with the neural network providing superior predictive accuracy for maximising particle yield under specific conditions of pH, temperature, reaction time, and extract concentration. Laboratory evaluations demonstrated that the biosynthesised nanoparticles possess antioxidant properties, confirmed by free radical scavenging assays, as well as antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 165.625 to 331.25 micrograms per millilitre.
Green synthesis techniques offer eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical methods by using renewable plant extracts instead of hazardous reducing agents. Developing multifunctional nanomaterials that combine antioxidant and antibacterial actions helps address bacterial pathogens and oxidative stress, while computational modelling provides a reliable approach to controlling and maximising production efficiency for biogenic nanomaterials.
This work represents early-stage laboratory research. The demonstrated antibacterial activity against common pathogens and antioxidant capacity suggest potential applications in antimicrobial formulations or healthcare sanitation products. Materials and biotechnology developers could use the predictive neural network model to standardise and optimise biogenic manufacturing conditions. However, real-world deployment remains distant, requiring extensive safety assessments, in vivo validation, and scale-up studies.
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This study bio-synthesized Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> bmNPs successfully, using turmeric ethanol extract, and characterized them using various techniques. The FT-IR analysis reveals the involvement of these plant-derived compounds, especially phenolics, in the reduction process by acting as electron donors and stabilizing/capping agents. Zeta potential analysis showed a slight negative surface charge for the stability of Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> NPs, where TEM revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm. The XRD confirmed crystallinity and a core-shell structure, and EDX identified elements consistent with Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> and a 3 : 1 Ag/Se atomic ratio. Further, SEM supported the spherical shape and uniform size. These findings highlight the successful biosynthesis of Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> bmNPs with promising properties for diverse applications. Moreover, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and artificial neural network (ANN) model were engaged to optimize Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> bmNP biosynthesis. BBD identified significant influences of pH, bioconversion temperature, time, and turmeric concentration on bmNP yield, with adjusted <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> and predictive <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> being 0.9075 and 0.8829, respectively. However, its limitations were revealed by a significant lack of fit. ANN modeling with a 3-5-7-1 topology showed superior predictive accuracy and identified optimal conditions for maximizing yield (pH 9.83, 51.7 °C, 1.0 h, 3.71 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> turmeric). Validation experiments confirmed the model's reliability. Turmeric extract exhibited significantly higher amounts of phenolics, and flavonoids compared to the bmNPs, suggesting its potential for strong antioxidant activity. Both turmeric extract and bmNPs displayed antioxidant activity in ABTS and DPPH assays, with turmeric extract being the most potent due to its curcuminoid content. The potential activity of Ag@SeO<sub>2</sub> bmNPs against <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>K. pneumonia</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, and <i>B. cereus</i> was investigated, with inhibition zones ranging from 22 to 32 mm. The MIC values of tested NPs towards pathogenic bacteria ranged from 165.625 and 331.25 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>.
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DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00004h
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