article · Alexandria Engineering Journal
Hybrid fuel briquettes can be produced using a blend of ninety-seven percent coal and three percent torrefied woody biomass waste, bound together with varying ratios of pitch and molasses. When treated in an inert environment at temperatures between 200 and 300 degrees Celsius, spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of aromatic carbon bonds and phenolic groups. Evaluation of physical and chemical properties shows that heat treatment at 1200 degrees Celsius reduces the tumbling strength index of the briquettes from initial levels of 95.5 to 98.3 percent down to between 57.4 and 77.4 percent. Furthermore, standard testing yields reactivity indices ranging from 48 to 56 percent, confirming high reactivity. Because of these specific tumbling strength and reactivity properties, the hybrid fuel briquettes are suitable for use as a carbonaceous input in direct reduced iron production via rotary kilns.
Integrating biomass waste into coal-based fuel briquettes offers a potential way to lower the fossil fuel footprint of heavy industrial processes. Assessing mechanical strength and reactivity ensures that incorporating alternative biological materials does not compromise operational standards, particularly in high-temperature manufacturing environments such as direct iron reduction.
This technology is aimed at iron and steel producers, specifically operators using rotary kilns for direct reduced iron making. It enables the partial substitution of coal with torrefied woody biomass waste. The work represents applied laboratory-stage testing of briquette formulations and high-temperature performance, requiring further industrial-scale kiln trials before commercial deployment can take place.
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This paper presents an assessment of the tumbling strength and reactivity behaviour of hybrid fuel briquette (HFB) produced from coal and torrefied woody biomass wastes. Briquettes were produced using 97% coal and 3% torrefied biomass with the blend of pitch and molasses in different ratios as a binder. The briquettes were treated in an inert environment at 200–300 °C for a residence time of 60 and 120 min in a tubular furnace. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) was used to obtain the functional groups in the raw materials and the HFB. HFB were exposed to tumbling test (TSI+3mm) after curing and high temperature (1200 °C) exposure. Reactivity test (RI) of the HFB was carried out based on ASTM D5341M-14 standard. The FTIR spectra of the HFB show the presence of aromatic CC bonds and phenolic OH group. The TSI+3mm of the HFB samples drastically reduced from 95.5–98.3% for the treated to 57.4–77.4% for the samples exposed to 1200 °C. The reactivity indices of the HFB were in the range of 48–56%, which indicated that the HFB were highly reactive. Based on the TSI+3mm and RI, the HFB are suitable carbonaceous material in direct reduced iron making through rotary kiln.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.069
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