review · Desalination and Water Treatment
Water security and clean water access remain pressing global challenges, exacerbated by wastewater pollution. While conventional treatment technologies have seen improvements over the past decade through methods such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, biodegradation, and membrane filtration, single-technology solutions remain inadequate for total contaminant removal. Instead, combining these approaches into hybrid systems offers superior efficiency in degrading organic pollutants. Furthermore, incorporating emerging tools such as nanotechnology and artificial intelligence provides valuable pathways for planning and designing modern wastewater treatment plants. These combined methodologies aim to lower toxicity and facilitate safe water reuse, addressing key environmental and public health concerns.
Water pollution directly threatens global clean water supplies and water security. Because conventional, standalone treatments cannot fully cleanse complex wastewater, relying on hybrid systems helps ensure that treated water is safe to reuse. Understanding how to integrate these processes alongside modern computational and material tools supports sustainable development, environmental protection, and long-term public health.
The insights apply to the design and operation of municipal and industrial wastewater facilities aiming for safe water reuse. Plant engineers and utility operators could adopt hybrid treatment frameworks, assisted by artificial intelligence and nanotechnology for facility planning. Given that the underlying review focuses on synthesising concepts to lay future foundations, practical deployment remains at an early stage rather than near-market.
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The global challenges of clean water access and water security are of a growing concern, along with wastewater being a major source of water pollution. Innovative approaches to remediate contaminants are needed. However, sustainable development requires innovative approaches to remediate contaminants from their source. In the last decade, extensive research has been conducted worldwide to improve the conventional technologies for sustainable wastewater treatment. Recent strategies include adsorption, advanced oxidation, biodegradation, and membrane filtration. However, no technology can effectively remove contaminants, and hybrid systems are more promising. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of organic pollutants and their degradation using various physical, chemical, and biological strategies. Indeed, advanced wastewater treatment systems such as nanotechnology and artificial intelligence can be considered for planning and designing modern treatment plants. However, studies have indicated that no technology can effectively remove contaminants, and hybrid systems are more compelling than single treatment systems for enhancing the treatment process efficiency. The discussions are anticipated to lay the foundations for future improvements in wastewater treatment systems that could emerge as promising sustainable technologies to minimize toxicity and allow the safe reuse of water.
This page summarises published work. The authoritative version sits with the publisher.
DOI: 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100258
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