Transaminase Enzyme Activity Changes Attributed to Daily Administration of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica in Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract

Liver diseases and hepatotoxicity remain major global health concerns, often resulting from exposure to xenobiotics, drugs, infections, and environmental toxins; which frequently lead to disruption of hepatocyte membranes, causing leakage of intracellular enzymes such as ALT and AST into the bloodstream. This study evaluated the effects of daily administration of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica on transaminase enzyme activity in Wistar albino rats. Eighty-four rats were randomly assigned into four groups in triplicate containing 7 rats each: control and three treatment groups receiving 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively. Following the treatment period, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using standard biochemical methods. Results showed that ALT levels decreased across treated groups compared to control, with the lowest value observed at 400 mg/kg, although the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In contrast, AST levels exhibited a significant reduction (p < 0.05), particularly at the highest dose (600 mg/kg). The findings suggest that aqueous extract of A. indica exerts a modulatory effect on liver enzymes, potentially indicating hepatoprotective activity without inducing hepatic toxicity. These results support the traditional use of neem and highlight its potential role in maintaining liver enzyme homeostasis. However, further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and long-term safety of its continuous use.