Towards the Recognition of Ethiopian Teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) Flour Under the European Union Geographical Indications System

Abstract

This paper explores the potential for promoting Ethiopian teff flour through the European Union’s Geographical Indications (GI) framework. After outlining the evolution of GI regulations in the international trade context and the EU’s role in quality policy for agri-food products, the paper assesses the value of teff as a high-potential product. Originated and domesticated around Axum, teff is a staple crop in Ethiopia, both nutritionally and socio-economically, cultivated by a multitude of smallholder farmers. However, access to European markets is hindered by insufficient enforcement of food safety standards, lack of quality control, and inconsistent labelling practices. Recognition as a GI—specifically as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)—could enhance the visibility, traceability, and legal protection of Ethiopia’s teff. The paper also highlights challenges in advocating for the development of a detailed product specification aligned with EU regulations. Integrating teff production into the GI system may strengthen rural economies, preserve traditional knowledge, and increase the international profile of a product with significant nutritional and economic potential.