Thymoquinone combined with conventional antibiotics against pandrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a pharmacodynamic and molecular simulation strategy to overcome bioavailability limitations

Abstract

Pharmacodynamic interactions in <i>S. aureus</i> treated with certain dual antibacterial combinations alongside TQ led to a significant reduction in MIC values, downregulated <i>norA, PBP2a</i> and <i>PBP4</i> genes and directly inhibited PBP2a and PBP4 proteins through TQ ligand binding. These findings provide new perspectives on enhancing the clinical applicability of TQ reviving the efficacy of conventional dual antibacterial therapies.