article · ACS Applied Polymer Materials
Conjugated microporous polymers offer controllable porosity, high chemical stability, and customisable functional groups, making them attractive candidates for supercapacitor electrodes. In this work, three distinct polymer networks were synthesised through Suzuki coupling reactions, integrating pyrene, thianthrene, and related sulfur- or sulfone-containing units. The resulting materials demonstrated notable thermal resilience, maintaining high carbon residues up to 800 °C and decomposition thresholds reaching up to 540 °C. When tested in a standard three-electrode setup, the polymers yielded specific capacitances reaching between 538 and 617 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1. Symmetric two-electrode devices prepared from these polymers achieved capacitances between 63 and 187 F g–1. The performance is linked to the presence of electronegative sulfur and sulfone groups, which promote electrostatic interactions and enhance electrode wettability.
Rising demands for rapid, high-capacity energy storage require durable, tailored electrode materials. Supercapacitors bridge critical gaps in energy supply, and developing chemically robust organic polymers functionalised with sulfur-based groups provides a pathway to construct more stable, efficient electrodes. This work illustrates how molecular tuning can improve wettability and electrostatic charge storage in porous organic frameworks.
This research is at an early experimental stage, having demonstrated material synthesis and lab-scale symmetric device performance. The technology is relevant to supercapacitor manufacturers and energy storage developers seeking alternative organic electrode materials. Progression towards commercial use will depend on scaling the Suzuki coupling synthesis, verifying operational cycle life under real-world conditions, and establishing cost competitiveness against established inorganic or carbon-based electrodes.
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Supercapacitors (SCs), with their exceptional properties, present a promising solution to the ongoing energy crisis by meeting the increasing demand for high-energy storage devices. Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) offer a range of sizes, precisely controlled porosities, impressive intrinsic porosity, remarkable stability, and customizable structures and functionalities. These attributes collectively make CMPs cost-effective materials for energy storage applications. In this research, we effectively created three organic electrodes based on CMPs for energy storage via the Suzuki coupling reaction of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)pyrene (PyPh-Br4) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (BZ-2B(OH)2) with 2,8-dibromothianthrene (Th-Br2) or 3,7-dibromodibenzothiophene S, S-dioxide (SU-Br2) or 2,8-dibromothianthrene-5,5′,10,10′-tetraoxide (DSU-Br2) to produce PyPh-BZ-Th, PyPh-BZ-SU, and PyPh-BZ-DSU CMP, respectively. Their thermal stability was examined using TGA measurements, and both PyPh-BZ-Th CMP and PyPh-BZ-SU CMP displayed Td10 of 540 and 467 °C with high carbon reside up to 70 wt % at 800 °C. Electrochemical performance for these materials was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). Within a three-electrode setup, specific capacitances of 617, 538, and 596 F g–1 for PyPh-BZ-Th, PyPh-BZ-SU, and PyPh-BZ-DSU CMPs were recorded by GCD at 0.5 A g–1. To obtain a more practical and accurate evaluation, we further constructed symmetric devices for each CMP. Using GCD curves, the specific capacitances were found to be 187, 63, and 105 F g–1, respectively, for PyPh-BZ-Th, PyPh-BZ-SU, and PyPh-BZ-DSU CMPs. The high capacitances of the synthesized CMPs in this study, comparable to those of other reported porous CMPs, can be attributed to electronegative moieties, such as sulfur (S) and sulfone (SO2) groups. These groups enhance electrostatic interactions and improve the wettability of the electrodes. This study demonstrates that using the Suzuki coupling reaction technique, CMPs incorporating Py, Th, and DSU moieties can be effectively produced for energy storage applications.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c02368
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