Thermal irreversibility in TiO ₂ –Cu hybrid nanofluid magnetoconvection with dual heating modes (cross‐ and star‐shaped), radiation, heat generation, and <scp>PIP</scp> ‐ <scp>FVM</scp> in a porous domain

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates thermal irreversibility in hybrid nanofluid convection under dual‐heating modes in a porous enclosure. Understanding such irreversibility is important for improving thermal management in energy and engineering systems. The problem considers dual‐energy transport in which the fluid and solid phases have different temperatures, including the effects of radiation, internal heat generation, and an inclined magnetic field. Two heating configurations are examined: cross‐shaped and irregular star‐shaped heaters. Additionally, the governing equations are solved using a finite volume method combined with a point‐in‐polygon technique to accurately identify heating regions. The results show that irregular heating significantly enhances fluid motion and temperature gradients compared with cross‐shaped heating. Increasing porosity improves heat transport in both fluid and solid phases. In contrast, the magnetic field reduces heat transfer efficiency due to flow damping. The study concludes that optimized heater geometry and porous structure can effectively reduce thermal irreversibility and enhance thermal performance. The main novelty lies in the combined use of dual‐heating configurations and the point‐in‐polygon finite volume approach for analyzing hybrid nanofluid convection.