Therapeutic Potential of Solanum macrocarpon in Uterine Leiomyoma: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

Abstract

Uterine leiomyomas affect nearly 30% of women of reproductive age, contributing to increased risks of type II diabetes, infertility, and psychological stress. Emerging studies suggest that somatic mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities, including transcriptional dysregulation involving IGLON5, could serve as biomarkers for early intervention. In pursuit of alternative therapies with minimal side effects, this study evaluated the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antifibrotic potentials of Solanum macrocarpon (African eggplant) in albino rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine leiomyomas. Antioxidant assays revealed modest DPPH radical scavenging and iron-chelating capacity, comparable nitric oxide activity, and dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE, and MAO enzymes. The extract significantly corrected hormonal imbalances, reducing elevated testosterone and oestradiol levels. Histopathological analysis showed restorative changes in ovarian morphology and uterine tissues, including normalized epithelial layers and follicular development. Molecular docking and simulation studies confirmed strong binding affinities of HPLC-identified bioactive compounds-rutin and quercetin-to IGLON5 protein. Rutin exhibited superior gas-phase and electrostatic interactions, greater hydrogen bond formation, and improved protein-ligand stability over quercetin. These findings suggest the potential of S. macrocarpon as a promising candidate for managing uterine fibroids, supported by both biochemical and in silico evidence. The plant may act through multiple pathways to restore hormonal balance, improve insulin sensitivity, and protect ovarian tissue integrity.