The transfusion-transmitted infections overview, Unveiling the novelist screening approaches

Abstract

Background: Transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) are defined as any bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogen that can be transmitted through whole blood, platelets, or RBCs infusions to recipients for any medical or health conditions such as traumas, cancer diseases, or emergency cases. There are many medical and health problems attributed to the TTIs occurrence. Life threatening viruses that can be transmitted by transfusion such as HIV, HBV, and cytomegaloviruses (CMV). The data search in this review was carried out using different search engine such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus to find that many TTIs were previously detected among blood donors and in blood transmission of Treponema pallidum, HCV, HBV, or HIV, therefore, many screening approaches must be performed in blood banks to prevent, control, and decrease the incidence of these pathogen transmissions starting from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT), or polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to reduce the risk of transmission these infections to people with or without symptoms of infections. Therefore, this study aims to report, summarize, and unveil the most reported pathogens that can be transmitted through blood transfusion and the main screening approaches implemented by authorities and blood banks. Some regulations must be set by WHO to early screen blood donors and prevent the transmission of any pathogen to recipients.