article · BMC Ophthalmology
Retinoblastoma tumors with higher TFF1 expression were associated with a reduced risk of bilateral involvement and an increased likelihood of diagnosis after the age of 3 years. Although the associations with choroidal and optic nerve invasion were not statistically significant, TFF1 remains a promising candidate biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of retinoblastoma, particularly due to its absence in normal ocular tissue. Further high-quality studies are required to validate the clinical utility of TFF1 as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker in retinoblastoma.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12886-026-04759-z
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