The Effect of Third-Party Logistics Providers (3PLs) on Supply-Chain Performance in Northern Ghana — A Systematic Review

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to systematically examine the literature on the effects of 3PLs on supply chain performance in Northern Ghana by combining empirical data with literature reviews. Through a systematic search of academic databases, regional journals, and grey literature (2000–2025), we identified 38 pertinent empirical and review studies concerning 3PL adoption, performance outcomes (cost, lead time, delivery reliability, inventory accuracy, flexibility), and contextual barriers (infrastructure, ICT, institutional capacity). According to extensive research, businesses in Ghana and similar West African contexts can benefit from more flexibility, improved delivery performance, and cost effectiveness when they work with third-party logistics providers (3PL). Nevertheless, the advantages are not as great as they may be because of issues with transportation, the integration of ICT, and the client firm's contractual abilities. A research and practice agenda for policymakers, logistics managers, and donors is suggested by the review, which highlights the lack of primary, region-specific empirical studies in Northern Ghana.