The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Muscle Performance: A Narrative review

Abstract

Background: The menstrual cycle (MC) significantly influences womens’ physiological functions, affecting endurance, power, and general sports capabilities. Hormonal variations throughout the cycle affect metabolism, recovery process of the muscles, body temperature control, cardiovascular responses, and psychological stability. Understanding these fluctuations is essential for tailoring exercising and competetive plans for women athletes.Objective: This review consolidates recent research on how different MC phases has an influence on athletic performance, with a particular focus on endurance, power, neuromuscular functionalities, and fatigue perception.Methods: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature was carried out utilizing databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and Web of Science.Results: Hormonal shifts throughout MC affect endurance, strength, and subjective performance. The follicular stage is associated with improved muscle relief, neuromuscular effectiveness, and cardiovascular function, which may enhance performance; however, Ligament laxity could elevate injury probability. During ovulation, energy attainability is optimized, though heightened joint laxity may increase injury susceptibility. The luteal stage presents physiological difficulties such as a rise in body temperature, cardiovascular tension, and an elevated perception of excertion, which may negatively affect endurance. Despite the fluctuations, there is no universal recommendation for adjusting training based on the MC. Conversly, individualized tracking of menstrual cycle and adaptive training approaches may be more efficient in optimizing sports proficiency in female athletes.