review · Current Issues in Molecular Biology
Psychiatric diseases often involve disruptions in metabolic pathways and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These disruptions may explain variations in patient symptoms and why a considerable portion of individuals do not respond to existing antipsychotic medications. Communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system occurs through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, supported by over one hundred trillion microbial cells in the intestines. Interactions between these microorganisms and the intestinal epithelium influence brain physiology, mood, and behaviour. Specific microbial factors involved in these interactions include short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components capable of stimulating the immune system. Understanding how intestinal microbiota contribute to neurological and mental illnesses points toward opportunities for developing targeted microbiota-based treatments for psychiatric conditions.
Many patients with psychiatric disorders experience limited relief from standard antipsychotic medications. Exploring how the gut microbiota affects brain function reveals alternative biological mechanisms behind mental illnesses. Identifying key bacterial metabolites and immune interactions provides clearer insight into why individuals experience differing symptoms, helping to explain treatment failures and guiding new therapeutic strategies beyond conventional central nervous system drugs.
The findings suggest potential applications in developing novel microbiota-based therapies or supplements for psychiatric conditions where standard antipsychotics fail. Intended users include clinical psychiatrists and patients with treatment-resistant disorders. Based on the review of biological mechanisms and pathways, the work remains at an early stage of exploration, requiring substantial translational research and clinical testing before market-ready interventions or therapeutic formulations can be introduced.
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The pathophysiology of several psychiatric diseases may entail disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and metabolic pathways. Variations in how these effects present themselves may be connected to individual variances in clinical symptoms and treatment responses, such as the observation that a significant fraction of participants do not respond to current antipsychotic drugs. A bidirectional signaling pathway between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The large and small intestines contain more than 100 trillion microbial cells, contributing to the intestinal ecosystem's incredible complexity. Interactions between the microbiota and intestinal epithelium can alter brain physiology and affect mood and behavior. There has recently been a focus on how these relationships impact mental health. According to evidence, intestinal microbiota may play a role in neurological and mental illnesses. Intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that might stimulate the host's immune system, are mentioned in this review. We aim to shed some on the growing role of gut microbiota in inducing/manipulating several psychiatric disorders, which may pave the way for novel microbiota-based therapies.
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DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050260
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