THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE IN COMPARISON TO OPIOIDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RENAL COLIC THAT IS UNRESPONSIVE TO NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONAcute renal colic is characterized by sudden, severe flank pain radiating to the groin or testicle, often caused by urinary tract obstruction due to kidney stones. This condition is frequently associated with nausea and vomiting, with pain severity depending on the degree of obstruction rather than stone size. Kidney stones affect 5-15% of the population, with recurrence rates of 50% within 5-7 years without preventive measures. Risk factors include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, family history, and irritable bowel syndrome.Therapeutic Approaches•NSAIDs like (Ketorolactomethamine ) are First-line treatment for renal colic, reducing pain and hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus. Patients who do not respond to NSAIDs will receive other drugs like the following:•Opioids: Effective for severe pain but associated with dependency risks and side effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular complications.Emerging AlternativesMagnesium sulfate (MgSO4) shows analgesic potential by regulating calcium influx and blocking NMDA receptors. Magnesium deficiency is linked to increased pain sensitivity, suggesting MgSO4 could be a promising option for managing acute renal colic while avoiding opioid-related drawbacks.