review · European journal of ecology, biology and agriculture.
Zamzam water, originating from the well in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, holds significant spiritual and health-related importance for Muslims worldwide. This systematic review synthesizes existing literature on its chemical composition, therapeutic benefits, mechanisms of action, and safety. Key findings indicate that Zamzam water contains elevated levels of essential minerals all within permissible limits set by international regulatory agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Its alkaline pH and rich mineral profile contribute to its antioxidant properties, supporting hyperglycemia control, renal protection, cancer prevention, dental health, wound healing, and immune modulation. Despite concerns about heavy metals and nitrates, rigorous testing confirms its safety for consumption. Further research is needed to fully understand its unique characteristics and potential nutraceutical benefits.
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DOI: 10.59324/ejeba.2025.2(2).08
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