review · Journal of Experimental Botany
The ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the related water/water cycle are established pathways for processing metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species in plants. Beyond processing reactive oxygen species, ongoing research shows that these cycles and their component enzymes participate directly in signalling pathways that govern plant growth, development, and defence. The enzymes involved serve additional moonlighting functions, undergo post-translational modifications, and maintain an extensive interactome with other signalling proteins. As a result, the ascorbate-glutathione cycle occupies a central position within the broader network of cellular redox systems. This network underpins energy-sensitive communication across distinct cellular compartments and integrates plant signalling pathways.
Understanding how plants process reactive oxygen species clarifies the foundational mechanisms controlling plant growth, survival, and defence. Revealing that antioxidant enzymes double as central signalling coordinators provides a clearer picture of how plant cells communicate internally and adapt to changing conditions.
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Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023
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