article · Information Processing in Agriculture
Greenhouse farming enables sustainable, precision agriculture and off-season crop production, yet maintaining indoor crop conditions securely and precisely remains a challenge, particularly in harsh climates. Internet of Things technologies offer automated management for parameters such as indoor climate, irrigation, and crop growth. IoT deployments in greenhouses can be categorised into smart greenhouses, hydroponic systems, and vertical farming. A functional architecture for these deployments integrates physical sensing and actuation devices, communication protocols, and cloud or fog computing infrastructure. Within these systems, primary operational functions include monitoring, controlling, tracking, and predictive analytics. Deploying these systems requires addressing technical and resource management challenges to achieve optimal agricultural productivity. Various countries have begun integrating these connected technologies, pointing toward expanded adoption and continued technical refinement in automated protected cultivation.
Controlled-environment agriculture helps protect crops from harsh external climates and supports off-season production. Implementing automated sensor and control systems reduces manual labour, optimises resource use, and strengthens food security. Understanding how digital architectures, networks, and computing platforms interact is vital for modernising agricultural operations and ensuring resilient food production in challenging environmental conditions.
The work outlines systems for greenhouse operators, commercial indoor farms, and agricultural technology developers seeking to automate climate and irrigation control. Because this work is a secondary review synthesising architectures, protocols, and existing national deployments rather than testing a novel prototype, it sits at an informational level rather than representing a specific deployable technology, though it informs near-market system integration and commercial vertical or hydroponic farming design.
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Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture. Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment, monitoring, controlling, and managing crop parameters at greenhouse farms more precisely and securely is necessary, even in harsh climate regions. The evolving Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, including smart sensors, devices, network topologies, big data analytics, and intelligent decision-making, are thought to be the solution for automating greenhouse farming parameters like internal atmosphere control, irrigation control, crop growth monitoring, and so on. This paper introduces a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT-based greenhouse farming. We summarize the related review articles. The classification of greenhouse farming based on IoT (smart greenhouse, hydroponics greenhouse, and vertical farming) is introduced. Also, we present a detailed architecture for the components of greenhouse agriculture applications based on IoT, including physical devices, communication protocols, and cloud/fog computing technologies. We also present a classification of IoT applications of greenhouse farming, including monitoring, controlling, tracking, and predicting. Furthermore, we present the technical and resource management challenges for optimal greenhouse farming. Moreover, countries already applying IoT in greenhouse farming have been presented. Lastly, future suggestions related to IoT-based greenhouse farming have been introduced.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.inpa.2024.04.002
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