Synthesis, structural characterization, and quantum chemical study of the 7-acetyl-5-nitrobenzofurans as anticancer agents with antioxidant properties

Abstract

Synthesis of 7-acetyl-2-aryl-5-nitrobenzofurans 2a–j involved sequential Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitroacetophenone with terminal acetylenes and in situ Cacchi-type cycloisomerization of 5-alkynylated intermediates. Hirshfeld's fingerprint diagrams and surface analysis showed varied intermolecular interactions. Additionally, intramolecular interactions were examined using DFT and QTAIM calculations. Benzofuran derivatives were tested for antiproliferative efficacy in vitro against MDA-MB-231 and Caski cell lines. The 1-(5-nitro-2-(p-tolyl)benzofuran-7-yl)ethan-1-one 2h showed promising antiproliferative activity against Caski and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with IC50 values of 26.96 ± 4.97 µM and 5.13 ± 0.86 µM, respectively, compared to Camptothecin (IC50 = 8.96 ± 0.23 and 24.69 ± 0.26 µM). Derivatives with 2-(4-fluorophenyl)- 2c, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 2g, and 2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 2j groups showed significant antioxidant activity, with Fe-reducing power values of 520.14 ± 1.34 µM, 433.50 ± 1.30 µM, and 466.08 ± 1.91 µM, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 = 538.05 µM). The most active molecules that docked with protease (2c, 2g, and 2j) and FKBP12-mTOR (2d, 2h and 2j) active site residues showed significant interactions which were confirmed by Molecular dynamic simulation. ADME investigation indicated drug-like characteristics, safe in silico toxicity, and no carcinogenic or mutagenicity.