Synergistic photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and ibuprofen using Co₃O₄-Decorated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composites under Sun-like irradiation

Abstract

In this study, we report the synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Co₃O₄-decorated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composites for degrading methylene blue (MB) and ibuprofen (IBF) under sunlight irradiation. Using a dry impregnation method, the composites were prepared with varying Co₃O₄ loadings (0.5%, 1%, 2%). Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform distribution of Co₃O₄ on the hBN matrix. Photocatalytic experiments revealed that 1% Co₃O₄-hBN composite exhibited the highest activity, achieving nearly 100% MB degradation in 60 min and 90% IBF degradation in 120 min. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to the synergistic effects between Co₃O₄ and hBN, which extend light absorption and promote charge separation. Our findings demonstrate the potential of Co 3 O₄-decorated hBN composites as effective photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The study provides a foundation for further exploration of these materials, including their long-term stability and application to a broader range of pollutants. • Co₃O₄-Decorated hBN was synthesized via wet impregnation. • Methylene Blue and ibuprofen were successfully degraded using Co₃O₄-hBN under Sun-like irradiation. • The 1% Co₃O₄ loading showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency for both pollutants. • Holes, O₂. •− and •OH are reactive species.