article · Applied Sciences
Fenugreek seed spent from the nutraceutical industry offers an abundant, low-cost, and low-toxicity material for removing crystal violet dye from water. Laboratory tests conducted at approximately neutral pH demonstrate that the adsorption behaviour aligns with the Langmuir isotherm model and follows pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis shows the dye uptake process to be physical, dynamic, and endothermic. Process variables affecting remediation performance were evaluated and optimised through response surface methodology using a bi-level fractional factorial experimental design and analysis of variance. Beyond initial water treatment, the resulting dye-loaded spent material could potentially serve as a component in fabricating composite materials when combined with plastic waste, presenting an option for managing secondary residues.
Industrial dyes such as crystal violet pose contamination risks in water systems. Utilising agricultural and nutraceutical by-products like fenugreek seed spent provides a low-cost, low-toxicity pathway for wastewater cleanup. Moreover, identifying uses for the resulting dye-saturated residue in plastic composites addresses waste disposal concerns, contributing to more sustainable resource management approaches in industrial effluent treatment.
This method could interest wastewater treatment operators and industrial facilities dealing with dye-contaminated effluents, as well as composite manufacturers exploring recycled materials. The proposed concept remains at an early laboratory stage, focusing on batch experiments, kinetic modelling, and initial process optimisation. Substantial pilot testing and mechanical evaluation of the proposed plastic composites would be needed before any commercial adoption.
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Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS), a relatively low-cost material abundantly available with little toxicity is used in crystal violet (CV) dye remediation from aqueous media and reported in the present study. To access the adsorption capacity, the factors affecting it are kinetics and the equilibrium thermodynamics. All the experiments were designed at approximately pH 7. The adsorption isotherm model proposed by Langmuir fits better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies data confirm the pseudo-second order model. It is evident from thermodynamic parameter values that the process of adsorption is endothermic, physical and dynamic. The process optimization of independent variables that influence adsorption was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) through bi-level fractional factorial experimental design (FEED). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to investigate the combined effect of parameters influencing adsorption. The possibilities of using dye-adsorbed NIFGS (“sludge”) for the fabrication of the composites using plastic waste are suggested.
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DOI: 10.3390/app11167635
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