Subsurface Hydrogen Storage in Geological Formations: A Global and Nigerian Perspective

Abstract

As the global energy landscape increasingly emphasizes decarbonization and the integration of renewable energy sources, subsurface hydrogen storage is gaining prominence as a foundational element of future sustainable energy infrastructure. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of key geological storage solutions—namely salt caverns, deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, disused coal mines, and excavated rock caverns—drawing upon international best practices from regions such as Europe, North America, and the Scandinavians. These insights are then localized by examining the applicability of these technologies within Nigeria's geological and infrastructural context. The study identifies substantial hydrogen storage opportunities across several Nigerian sedimentary formations, including the Sokoto Basin, Benue Trough, and the prolific Niger Delta, while also highlighting the potential advantages of repurposing the country’s extensive oil and gas infrastructure for energy storage purposes. The analysis explores key parameters including storage capacity, safety, cost efficiency, and geographical constraints, while also addressing technological advancements in monitoring and risk mitigation. Policy alignment with Nigeria’s Energy Transition Plan and the role of public private partnerships are also examined. The paper concludes that leveraging international best practices while investing in localized research and pilot projects can position Nigeria as a leader in hydrogen storage across Sub-Saharan Africa.