Strategic interventions in schistosomiasis control: leveraging mass drug administration, public engagement, and intermediate host control to disrupt transmission dynamics

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms known as schistosomes. Humans become infected when they come into contact with freshwater containing these parasites. Many communities have only a limited understanding of how schistosomiasis spreads or how mass drug administration (MDA) can help to manage it. Furthermore, some regions neglect snail control efforts, despite snails are key intermediate hosts in disease transmission. In this study, we employ mathematical equations to illustrate how schistosomiasis spreads when public enlightenment campaigns, mass drug administration, and snail control measures are implemented. We calculate the control reproduction number, $R_c,$ and examine the existence and stability of both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium states. Our results indicate that when people are aware of the disease, participate in mass drug administration, and intensify snail control efforts, the spread of the disease slows. Sensitivity analysis reveals that mass drug administration and increasing snail mortality rates are the most effective strategies for reducing $R_c.$ Simulations suggest that improved sanitation and educating people about the benefits of taking medicine can reduce the number of infected individuals. Furthermore, treating water or introducing predatory fish can help to lower the population of disease carrying snails. These findings provide valuable insights that can assist public health stakeholders in making informed decisions to control schistosomiasis.