Statistical modeling of mutagenic azo dye adsorption on bagasse activated carbon

Abstract

The current study investigates the development and characterization of sustainable activated carbons (ACs) via chemo-thermal activation from the hull and core of sugarcane bagasse as a viable and renewable substitute for commercial ACs. Characterize ACs using XRD, FTIR, SEM, etc. The sorption kinetics of methylene blue (MB) onto AC(H) were well described by a pseudo-second-order model. Also, the controlling step in the MB sorption process was related to several intervening diffusion sorts, including intra-particle ones. The MB equilibrium data were also analyzed using linear and non-linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, revealing a better fit of Langmuir, with R² values > 0.97 in both modes. With adsorption capacities (q_max = 357.14 and 389.4 mg/g) in linear and non-linear modes, orderly. The activation energy (EDR) of 550.8 and 2500 J/mol in non-linear and linear further supports the dominance of chemisorption, implying the formation of chemical bonds between the MB and the functional groups present in the sorbent material. The spontaneous and exothermic nature of the MB sorption process at 291-323 K was confirmed by the thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°. The design expert program suggested 17 numerical possibilities for the maximum dye removal at the 99% desirability level using ANOVA within the experimental parameter range. The total cost of producing 1.0 g of AC(H) is estimated at 0.041 USD. These findings underscore the potential of AC(H) as a highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal, positioning it as a strong candidate for wastewater treatment applications.