Socio-economic determinants of food security in pastoral communities in the case of Somali region in Ethiopia: A systematic review

Abstract

Abstract Background: Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly the Somali region of Ethiopia, continues to experience significant food insecurity. This challenge is exacerbated by periodic droughts, especially among pastoral and agro-pastoral households. Objective: This study aims to systematically review and analyze the socio-economic factors influencing food security in the Somali region of Ethiopia, with a focus on income levels, market accessibility, resource management, and social safety nets. Methods: 78 studies out of 342 that were published between 2010 and 2024 were used in a systematic review of the literature. The review examines key determinants such as agricultural practices, irrigation, education, livelihood diversification, livestock ownership, and access to grazing pastures. Results: The diversified livelihoods and improved agricultural practices, including irrigation and education, were found to significantly enhance household resilience. However, market inaccessibility and inadequate resource management remain substantial barriers. Conclusion: This review offers evidence-based guidance for promoting sustainable livelihoods and food security in the Somali Region. Strengthening social safety nets, investing in water and rangeland management, and expanding market and extension access are essential for building resilience.