Smart greenhouse farming: a review towards near zero energy consumption

Abstract

Abstract The global agricultural sector faces increasing challenges in adopting sustainable practices and reducing its environmental footprint. Smart greenhouse agriculture has emerged as a key solution, enabling efficient year-round crop production while minimizing dependence on traditional field farming. However, achieving near-zero energy consumption in greenhouses remains a major challenge due to the high operational energy demands. This review examines the current state of energy consumption in greenhouses, critically analyzes existing technological solutions, and identifies key challenges, such as high energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting. The study highlights opportunities for integrating renewable energy sources, optimizing energy-saving systems, and using advanced control technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor microclimatic conditions. Results show that integrating these solutions can significantly reduce energy consumption while maintaining optimal growing environments. The main findings include prioritizing the adoption of hybrid renewable energy systems, improving greenhouse design and material selection, and enhancing real-time monitoring systems with smart technologies. Future research should focus on cost-effective innovations, interdisciplinary approaches, and the scalability of energy-efficient designs. This review provides actionable information for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to advance the transition to sustainable, near-zero energy greenhouse systems.