Simultaneous Cr(VI) Reduction and Dexamethasone Phosphate Oxidation with Organo-metallic Sludge Formation Under UV Irradiation: Kinetics, Degradation Pathways, and Mechanism

Abstract

Abstract In this study, we investigated the concurrent elimination of two distinct contaminants: organic matter in the form of dexamethasone phosphate (DexP) and an inorganic substance, chromium (Cr), employing UV irradiation. UV irradiation serves as a potent tool for breaking down organic materials, leading to the production of benign by-products, namely CO 2 and H 2 O. Under optimal conditions characterized by a 30:1 DexP/Cr molar ratio and a pH level of 9, remarkable removal efficiencies were attained. In a mere 20 min, approximately 100% of DexP and 82.73% of Cr were effectively removed. Intriguingly, the removal of Cr exhibited an initially sluggish rate, with deposition commencing only after the breakdown of the DexP structure. This transformation was accompanied by the emergence of various sludge forms, each possessing unique characteristics. Utilizing Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, we identified these sludge forms as chromium(III) hydroxide (green sludge), chromium(III) hydroxide (brown sludge), chromium(III) oxide (tiny green crystals), chromium(II) acetate chromium trioxide (red brick), and chromium oxide (black sludge). Further experimentation with varying concentrations of Cr and DexP, ranging from 50 to 150 mg L −1 , yielded a range of rate constants (kobs) from 0.33 to 0.15 and removal efficiencies (robs) from 16.8 to 23.4% in the UV/DexP/Cr process. Energy efficiency output (EEO) calculations revealed that Cr precipitation ranged from 24.65 to 5.74 kW h m −3 , whereas DexP EEO ranged from 12.54 to 4.73 kW h m −3 . Of significant importance is the observation that when these two contaminants are removed simultaneously, the overall energy consumption is substantially lower compared to the scenario where pollutants are addressed individually. This finding underscores the efficiency and potential energy cost savings achievable through the concurrent removal of DexP and Cr using UV irradiation, making it a promising approach for environmental remediation.