Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 1 and 2 Co-infection among Female Sex Workers and Female Non-sex Workers and its Associated Risk Factors in Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines the seroprevalence and co-infection rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among female female sex workers (FSWs) and the general female population in Osun State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, 182 female participants—91 FSWs and 91 non-FSWs—were randomly selected and tested for HBV, HCV, and HIV markers. Results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of HIV among FSWs (15.4%) compared to non-FSWs (4.4%), while HBV prevalence was similar in both groups (8.8% for FSWs and 7.7% for non-FSWs). No cases of HCV were identified, possibly reflecting low prevalence in this region. Notably, higher awareness and preventive behaviors among both FSWs and non-FSWs regarding STIs, with over 80% reporting knowledge of STIs, previous testing, and awareness of blood transmission. However, HBV vaccination rates are lower, particularly among FSWs (55%). The study emphasizes the need for focused public health initiatives, such as regular screening, education on HIV and HBV prevention, and easily accessible healthcare resources, to reduce the risk of infection among high-risk populations, such as FSWs, as well as more general public awareness campaigns.