Seroprevalence and Occupational Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Abattoir Workers and Meat Handlers in Jos, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a pervasive foodborne zoonosis. In Nigeria, individuals occupationally exposed to livestock and raw meat constitute a high-risk group, yet comprehensive data on recent infections and associated risk factors remain limited. Aim: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, identify associated risk factors, and document related clinical symptoms among high-risk occupational groups in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 164 slaughterhouse workers, butchers, meat vendors, and livestock farmers. Serum samples were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies using a commercial rapid test cassette. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, occupational practices, behavioural risk factors, and clinical history. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with seropositivity. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 34.8% (57/164) for IgG and 9.8% (16/164) for IgM. Significant risk factors for IgG seropositivity in the multivariate model included age ≥40 years (aOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 1.62-7.35, p = 0.001), work experience >10 years (aOR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.35-6.18, p=0.006), and infrequent use of protective wear (aOR: 2.95, 95% CI: 1.38-6.31, p = 0.005). For IgM, significant factors were lack of knowledge of toxoplasmosis (aOR: 8.91, 95% CI: 1.05-75.68, p = 0.045) and accidental cuts/injuries at work (aOR: 4.12, 95% CI: 1.28-13.27, p = 0.018). Headache (p = 0.003) and body pains (p = 0.022) were significantly associated with IgM seropositivity. Conclusion: This study confirms a high burden of both latent and recent T. gondii infections, driven primarily by occupational exposure and a profound lack of awareness. We recommend the institution of mandatory, periodic health education on zoonoses and the strict enforcement of personal protective equipment usage in all abattoirs and livestock markets