Role of Radiation Therapy in Management of Isolated Myeloid Sarcoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Abstract

Myeloid sarcoma is an infrequent extramedullary tumor originating from immature myeloid cells and is associated with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Recent years have seen advancements in the survival rates of leukemia patients, primarily attributed to a deeper comprehension of the genetic underpinnings of the disease and the development of more effective combinations of chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Notably, the ability to achieve lasting control over systemic disease within the blood and bone marrow has markedly contributed to improved survival rates. However, the emergence of extramedullary relapses can present challenging therapeutic situations, where radiation therapy emerges as a crucial intervention. In light of these considerations, we report the case of a 67-year-old patient, with a history of acute leukemia treated in 2019 in remission and who presents an extramedullary blast localization at the level of the left elbow treated locally by radiotherapy and we have conducted a comprehensive literature review aimed at evaluating the potential role of radiotherapy in managing this rare manifestation of leukemia.