Roadside Reflection of Nigeria's Declining Vultures: A study across Five Contiguous States (Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Benue, and Enugu)

Abstract

Globally, vultures and other raptors are facing a critical population crisis, with forecasts suggesting that up to 40% of species may become extinct within the next 30 years. This alarming declining trend is particularly pronounced in Africa, where vulture populations have drastically declined, with many species experiencing severe reductions or even local extinctions. In Nigeria, this decline is especially severe, with historical records indicating once-abundant vulture populations now reduced to only a few remaining species. This study aimed to evaluate the current status of vultures and other raptors across five contiguous states in Nigeria: Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Benue, and Enugu. The survey was conducted from January 28 to February 2, 2019, using an open Hillux traveling at 45 km/hour. Observations were made by two researchers from an opened truck, who recorded the number of raptors encountered and their locations at various times of the day. Data analysis was done using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) in R to assess species abundance and compare raptor abundance across the states. The results were visualised using bar charts. A total of 217 raptors were sighted, with Yellow-billed Kites (Milvus aegyptius) being the most numerous, followed by Common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Vultures were significantly less abundant, with only three Palm-nut Vultures (Gypohierax angolensis) and two Hooded Vultures (Necrosyrtes monachus) recorded. This stark contrast highlights the severe decline in vulture populations in Nigeria, underlining the urgent need for conservation actions. The findings emphasise the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts to protect vultures and other raptors. Recommendations include, increasing public awareness, implementing protective legislation, and improving habitat management. Engaging local communities and enforcing laws against illegal hunting and trade in avian fauna are essential for preserving Nigeria’s raptor populations and preventing further declines.