article · ACS Omega
Cancer immunotherapy is advancing rapidly through both conventional vaccines and emerging viral-based platforms. Traditional approaches employ proteins, peptides, and dendritic cells, with newer developments using peptide-based vaccines that target specific tumour-associated antigens. Viral vaccines utilise engineered viruses, such as oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors, to trigger durable immune responses. Combining these vaccines with monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, and radiotherapy can enhance survival rates and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, precision tools such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras, alongside immunomodulatory agents, present promising avenues to strengthen innate and adaptive immune cooperation against diverse malignancies, including melanoma and solid tumours. Realising the full therapeutic value requires overcoming key hurdles, including tumour immune evasion, potential off-target effects, and the need for viral genome optimisation, supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence and molecular sequencing.
Cancer treatments are shifting away from broad-spectrum interventions towards targeted therapies that train the patient's immune system to destroy tumours. By assessing how viral vaccines, precision degradation molecules, and immune stimulants work together, this work clarifies pathways to more effective interventions for complex cancers, providing healthcare specialists and innovators with a clearer view of modern oncological strategies.
The described technologies point to applications in biopharmaceutical pipeline development, specifically multi-modal cancer immunotherapies combining engineered viral vectors, monoclonal antibodies, and targeted protein degraders. Potential users include oncology biotechs, clinical development teams, and pharmaceutical manufacturers targeting solid tumours and melanoma. The field spans applied clinical studies to earlier-stage optimisation of viral genomes and delivery systems, though clinical translation hinges on overcoming persistent challenges surrounding off-target effects and immune evasion.
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In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, a profound evolution has ushered in sophisticated strategies that encompass both traditional cancer vaccines and emerging viral vaccines. This comprehensive Review offers an in-depth exploration of the methodologies, clinical applications, success stories, and future prospects of these approaches. Traditional cancer vaccines have undergone significant advancements utilizing diverse modalities such as proteins, peptides, and dendritic cells. More recent innovations have focused on the physiological mechanisms enabling the human body to recognize and combat precancerous and malignant cells, introducing specific markers like peptide-based anticancer vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens. Moreover, cancer viral vaccines, leveraging engineered viruses to stimulate immune responses against specific antigens, exhibit substantial promise in inducing robust and enduring immunity. Integration with complementary therapeutic methods, including monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, and radiation therapy, has not only improved survival rates but also deepened our understanding of viral virulence. Recent strides in vaccine design, encompassing oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors, mark the frontier of innovation. While these advances hold immense potential, critical challenges must be addressed, such as strategies for immune evasion, potential off-target effects, and the optimization of viral genomes. In the landscape of immunotherapy, noteworthy innovations take the spotlight from the use of immunomodulatory agents for the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune collaboration. The emergence of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as precision tools for cancer therapy is particularly exciting. With a focus on various cancers, from melanoma to formidable solid tumors, this Review critically assesses types of cancer vaccines, mechanisms, barriers in vaccine therapy, vaccine efficacy, safety profiles, and immune-related adverse events, providing a nuanced perspective on the underlying mechanisms involving cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The Review also underscores the transformative potential of cutting-edge technologies such as clinical studies, molecular sequencing, and artificial intelligence in advancing the field of cancer vaccines. These tools not only expedite progress but also emphasize the multidimensional and rapidly evolving nature of this research, affirming its profound significance in the broader context of cancer therapy.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06501
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