article · Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Flexible perovskite solar cells offer a versatile alternative to conventional rigid solar panels, supported by substantial laboratory efficiency gains from 3.8% to 25%. These devices leverage low-temperature thin-film deposition under moderate thermodynamic conditions, making them suitable for mass manufacturing and large-scale deployment. Because they can be folded, rolled, or coiled onto flexible substrates, they provide significant mobility and lightweight transport advantages. Key fabrication methods encompass spin coating, blade coating, slot die deposition, spray deposition, thermal evaporation, and scalable roll-to-roll processing. Device designs incorporate conducting substrates, absorber layers, coordinated charge transport, and conductive electrodes. Despite benefits such as adaptability for architectural integration and smart textiles, current technical obstacles remain centred on achieving high operational performance alongside long-term stability across diverse indoor and outdoor operating environments.
Traditional solar panels are heavy, rigid, and restricted in where they can be installed. Flexible perovskite solar cells can be bent and rolled, allowing solar power generation to be integrated directly into clothing, curved building architecture, and portable devices. Understanding the fabrication techniques and stability challenges helps guide the development of practical, lightweight renewable energy sources for both indoor and outdoor environments.
The technology targets indoor and outdoor energy harvesting, with integration into textiles, architecture, and portable equipment. Manufacturers could utilise scalable roll-to-roll deposition, slot die, or spray coating for mass production. However, because the technology currently faces persistent challenges regarding operational efficiency and long-term device stability, it remains at the applied research and development stage rather than ready for immediate commercial deployment.
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Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) under laboratory circumstances from 2006 to the present, rising from 3.8% to an astonishing 25%. This scientific breakthrough corresponds to the changing energy situation and rising industrial potential. The flexible perovskite solar cell (FPSC), which capitalizes on the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition and operates at low temperatures, is key to this transition. The FPSC is strategically important for large-scale deployment and mass manufacturing, especially when combined with the benefits of perovskite thin-film deposition under moderate thermodynamic conditions. Its versatility is demonstrated by the ease with which it may be folded, rolled, or coiled over flexible substrates, allowing for efficient transportation. Notably, FPSCs outperform traditional solar panels in terms of adaptability. FPSCs have several advantages over rigid substrates, including mobility, lightweight properties that help transportation, scalability via roll-to-roll (R2R) deposition, and incorporation into textiles and architecture. This in-depth examination dives into their fundamental design and various fabrication techniques, which include conducting substrates, absorber layers, coordinated charge movement, and conductive electrodes. This review evaluates critical FPSC fabrication techniques such as thermal evaporation, R2R approaches, slot die and spray deposition, blade coating, and spin coating. The present challenges in constructing FPSCs with high performance and long-term stability are also highlighted. Finally, the solar industry's potential uses for both indoor and outdoor FPSCs have been discussed.
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DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00257-8
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