RETRACTED: Green extraction technologies: process systems, techno-economic and lifecycle analyses

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of chemicals and their associated health and environmental impacts warrant a shift to cleaner and more efficient processes in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries to avoid issues related to hazardous solvent contamination and waste generation. Green extraction technologies (GETs) are considered eco-friendly and safer alternatives for recovering higher-purity extracts from natural products. Inevitably, implementing and operating GETs can be expensive, so it is essential to thoroughly understand their techno-economic analysis (TEA) and lifecycle assessment (LCA) to ensure that these technologies are both environmentally and economically viable, offering data-driven insights for sustainable applications. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the background, process system mechanisms, global trends, potential benefits, and challenges that limit the broader implementation of GETs in industrial applications. Moreover, this review provides insight into the importance of environmental benefits via LCA and TEA in overcoming the barriers circumscribing the implementation of sustainable and economically viable processes for recovering high-value added compounds from natural products of bio-materials.