RETRACTED ARTICLE: Gender dynamics and climate change among agro-pastoral farmers in Meatu District, Tanzania

Abstract

Abstract This study explores the impact of climate change on gender dynamics within agro-pastoral communities in Meatu District, Tanzania. It assesses how shifting weather patterns have reshaped traditional gender roles, affecting agricultural practices, livelihood strategies, and household responsibilities. A qualitative cross-sectional research design was employed to capture in-depth perspectives from male and female farmers. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions with farmers and Key Informant Interviews with government officials and Non-Governmental Organization representatives. Field observations further supplemented the data collection. Thematic analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti 8.4 software to categorize findings into relevant themes. The results reveal that farmers recognize worsening climate patterns over decades, guided by intergenerational memory and long-term weather observation, with perceptions of intensifying extremes influencing adaptation decisions. Agro-pastoral households face crop yield decline, pest infestations, livestock disease, and food insecurity, prompting a shift to drought-tolerant crops. Women have adapted by taking on expanded agricultural responsibilities such as manual plowing, livestock care, pest control, and charcoal production, increasing their workload. Men, meanwhile, are engaging more in crop farming and domestic labor, while others migrate for alternative livelihoods such as artisanal mining. Climate change has exacerbated food insecurity, with women experiencing greater vulnerability due to their expanded dual responsibilities in both productive and reproductive spheres . This study highlights the need for gender-sensitive climate adaptation strategies to enhance resilience and food security in Tanzania’s semi-arid regions.