Retinoblastoma Research in Africa: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Achieving equity in childhood cancer represents a global challenge. In Africa, where retinoblastoma has high mortality and morbidity, strengthening research capacity is crucial in developing clinical guidelines from local evidence. This review identified the scope of retinoblastoma research conducted in Africa. A systematic search identified English-language studies on retinoblastoma in Africa, published between January 1, 2003 and May 15, 2025. Studies were excluded if retinoblastoma was not the primary focus or if Africa was not the main study location. Data collected included journal information, author affiliations, study type, country, purpose, and results. Quantitative findings were summarized with descriptive statistics, while qualitative findings were narratively synthesized. Of the 1546 citations retrieved, 89 met the inclusion criteria. Single-country studies (n = 85) represented 20 of 54 (37%) African countries, while four multi-country studies increased representation to 43 countries (80%). Most studies were clinical observational (55/89, 62%). Of the 89 studies, 49 (55%) were authored solely by researchers in Africa, but studies which included foreign authors tended to be published in journals with higher journal impact factors (p<0.001). The growth of retinoblastoma research in Africa reflects both expanding local research capacity and increased international collaboration. However, limited experimental research and basic science studies point to opportunities to strengthen the local evidence base needed to inform clinical guidelines for improving retinoblastoma outcomes in Africa.