article · Clean Technologies
Biomass-based adsorbents offer a pathway for removing heavy metals from wastewater, with surface modification playing a central role in boosting their performance by improving porosity and surface area. This review examines progress in these water treatment technologies, assessing diverse biomass materials and the techniques used to alter their surfaces. It analyses various adsorption kinetic and isotherm models to explain how they predict removal efficiency, noting both the strengths and limitations of these theoretical frameworks. In addition, the work explores adsorbent regenerability and engineering practicalities. By reviewing a wide spectrum of materials and analytical models, it outlines current approaches to heavy metal remediation and identifies the resources needed for future advances in wastewater treatment.
Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals poses significant environmental and health risks. Understanding how modified biomass captures these contaminants helps optimise low-cost, bio-based cleanup methods. Examining both materials and mathematical models provides clearer guidance on how to reliably design and scale effective water purification systems.
This work is relevant to wastewater treatment operators, environmental engineering firms, and industrial facilities requiring heavy metal remediation. It focuses on early-stage and engineering-oriented evaluations, detailing adsorbent regenerability and predictive performance models. While it highlights the potential for engineering applications, the work remains an analytical assessment of existing materials and models rather than a ready-to-deploy commercial product.
AI-generated from the published abstract. Always read the original work before citing.
This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current advances in water treatment technologies for the elimination of heavy metals using biomass-based adsorbents. The enhancement of adsorption capacity in biomass materials is achieved through surface modification, which increases their porosity and surface area. The study therefore focuses on the impact of different surface modification techniques on the adsorption capacity, as well as the evaluation of adsorptive removal techniques and the analysis of various isotherm and kinetics models applied to heavy metal contaminants. The utilization of kinetic and isotherm models in heavy metal sorption is crucial as it provides a theoretical background to understand and predict the removal efficiency of different adsorbent materials. In contrast to previous studies, this research examines a wide range of adsorbent materials, providing a comprehensive understanding of their efficacy in removing heavy metals from wastewater. The study also delves into the theoretical foundations of the isotherm and kinetics models, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and effectiveness in describing the performance of the adsorbents. Moreover, the study sheds light on the regenerability of adsorbents and the potential for their engineering applications. Valuable insights into the state-of-the-art methods for heavy metal wastewater cleanup and the resources required for future developments were discussed.
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DOI: 10.3390/cleantechnol5030047
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