article · Advances in Materials Science
This research evaluates the use of waste granodiorite powder as a partial replacement for cement in ordinary concrete, testing substitution levels between 1% and 9%. Granodiorite powder functions as a supplementary cementitious material, with its fine particles densifying the concrete matrix by filling internal voids. At standard room temperature, a 7% replacement level delivers optimal performance, raising 28-day compressive strength by 28.3% and tensile strength by 17.3%. Under elevated temperatures, the best replacement levels range from 7% to 9%, depending on exposure duration and heat intensity. Analysis of 66 compressive strength measurements demonstrates that temperature is the dominant factor influencing performance, followed by the powder replacement ratio and exposure time. Increasing the powder content shortens setting times and lowers consistency, whilst workability shows slight gains at replacement levels up to 5%.
Cement manufacturing requires substantial energy and generates large volumes of carbon emissions. Repurposing industrial granodiorite waste into a functional cement substitute can reduce raw material consumption in construction. It also enhances the strength of ordinary concrete and improves its durability when subjected to high temperatures, supporting more sustainable building practices.
This applied research is relevant to concrete producers, quarry operators, and construction firms seeking to lower cement usage and recycle stone waste. The work provides specific mix ratios tested under laboratory conditions, demonstrating technical feasibility at the testing stage. Practical adoption would require further validation through industrial batch trials and standards compliance testing before commercial deployment in structural concrete products.
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Abstract In this study, the effect of using waste granodiorite powder (WGP) as a cement replacement material in percentages ranging from 1 to 9% on various physical and mechanical properties of ordinary concrete was investigated. The resistance of produced concretes with WGP to the high temperature effects on the 28 days compressive strength were studied as well. Granodiorite is one of the well-known igneous rocks that have been used in previous research as a replacement for coarse or fine aggregates due to the hardness of its grains. However, rare studies have investigated its powder as a partial cement replacement material. Results showed the ability of investigated WGP with high surface area to act as a supplementary cementitious material that contributed to enhance the results of mechanical and physical properties of concrete. At traditional room temperature, the optimal replacement percentage was 7%, where the 28 days compressive and tensile strengths were improved by 28.3% and 17.3%, respectively. The optimal replacement ratio varied between 7 and 9% in the case of high temperatures, according to exposure time and temperature degree. Statistical and sensitivity analysis was conducted on 66 available compressive strength value represents all variables before and after elevated temperature exposure. While the regression equation showed good R 2 value of 85.3%, sensitivity analysis indicated that compressive strength value is most sensitive to temperature, followed by WGP ratio and exposure time, with importance values of 56, 26, and 18 %, respectively. Results showed also that the setting times and consistency was decreased with increasing the replacement ratio with WGP, while the workability was slightly improved up to 5% replacement ratio. Furthermore, microstructure analysis showed that WGP can help to densify the concrete matrix due to its small size and ability to fill the interstitial voids in the concrete matrix.
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DOI: 10.2478/adms-2024-0017
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