review · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
Wastewater treatment systems work to eradicate toxic industrial pollutants before they reach surface water and groundwater. While established techniques such as coagulation, flocculation, photocatalysis, membrane separation, and adsorption are widely used, their operational success relies heavily on the efficiency and environmental footprint of the treatment materials employed. Metal-organic frameworks have emerged as a viable alternative to conventional chemically synthesised materials. Recent developments focus on understanding how synthesis parameters, namely the selection of metal ions, organic linkers, and processing conditions, govern framework properties. Attention has also turned toward scalable, cost-effective fabrication methods. When deployed in water treatment, these frameworks act as high-performance adsorbents, photocatalysts, and functional additives in membrane fabrication. Realising their potential now depends on overcoming synthesis limitations and scaling production to satisfy the demands of industrial effluent treatment.
Industrial effluents continuously threaten clean water reserves with hazardous pollutants, exposing the limitations of standard chemical treatments. Metal-organic frameworks present a cleaner, highly adaptable material platform for purifying contaminated water. Understanding how to manufacture these materials efficiently and deploy them across diverse treatment systems is vital for protecting public water resources and helping industries meet increasingly stringent environmental discharge standards.
The primary applications lie in industrial wastewater remediation, targeting plant operators, municipal water authorities, and membrane manufacturers. The frameworks can be integrated into existing infrastructure as specialised adsorbents, photocatalytic media, or membrane additives. While their functional capabilities in pollutant removal are widely documented in research, the technology appears to be in an intermediate development phase, moving from early-stage laboratory synthesis toward scalable, cost-effective manufacturing for full industrial deployment.
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Abstract Wastewater treatment is designed to eradicate toxic pollutants emanating from the industrial effluent to the surface and underground water. The efficiency and limitations of most of the existing water treatment techniques such as coagulation/flocculation, photocatalysis, membrane technologies and adsorption in the remediation of toxic pollutants have been established. However, the success reported for each of these techniques is usually associated with the efficiency and environmental friendliness of water treatment products applied. MOFs-based products are one of the materials serving as an alternative to chemically synthesized products, and their application as water treatment products has been reported extensively but not systematically documented. In this review, authors endeavoured to comprehensively provide insights into the recent MOFs-based product synthesis for different applications, especially in water treatment. The key factors influencing the synthesis of MOFs, including choice of metal ions, organic linkers, and synthesis conditions, along with the latest developments in scalable and cost-effective fabrication techniques are discussed. The synthesis routes, their limitation and their performances as an adsorbent, photocatalyst and additives in membrane fabrication in the removal of toxic pollutants from water are elaborated. The prospects in the large-scale production of MOFs-based water treatment products for real industrial applications are critically reviewed in this study. Overall, a well-curated synthesis and application of MOFs in water treatment is hereby generated from the best resources accessible through the literature.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10904-024-03063-x
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