review · Frontiers in Veterinary Science
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus comprises multiple species and subspecies with diverse antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence. Outbreaks continue globally despite ongoing control efforts, driven partly by viral immune evasion mechanisms that enable replication alongside the emergence of new variants. Vaccination serves as a principal prevention and eradication strategy, yet existing classical and modern vaccines face limitations against emerging strains. Effective immunisation generally requires formulations matching circulating homologous strains. The viral E2 protein plays a crucial role in infection and pathogenesis. Mapping work has identified important potential neutralising epitopes within viral genomes, especially on the E2 protein. These identified epitopes represent promising candidate targets for updated vaccines designed to combat currently circulating strains. Further research remains necessary to evaluate the exact function of these epitopes in next-generation vaccine development aimed at supporting global disease eradication initiatives.
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus causes persistent outbreaks in cattle worldwide, threatening livestock health and agricultural productivity. Existing vaccines often struggle to protect against newly emerging and diverse circulating variants. Identifying specific neutralising targets on critical viral proteins offers a pathway to design more protective vaccines, supporting international efforts to control and eventually eradicate the disease from herds.
The findings highlight candidate neutralising epitopes on the E2 protein that could inform next-generation veterinary vaccine development for livestock pharmaceutical manufacturers. This research represents an early discovery phase, as the mapped targets require further experimental exploration and validation before formulation into viable commercial vaccines for cattle herds.
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The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
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DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128
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