review · Arabian Journal of Chemistry
This review assesses the performance and suitability of diverse sustainable adsorbents used to eliminate noxious pollutants from water and wastewater. Evaluated materials include biomass, waste-based, biopolymer, carbon-based, and natural substances, alongside advanced options such as metal-organic frameworks, aerogels, crystalline networks, zeolite nanoparticles, and dendrimers. The fabrication, modification, and characterisation of these materials are examined alongside operational parameters including pH, particle size, dosage, concentration, and temperature. Sorption kinetics, isotherm modelling, and thermodynamic behaviours across different materials demonstrate that adsorbent composition significantly influences uptake performance. Additionally, the assessment emphasises the necessity for rapid, cost-effective manufacturing and formulation for continuous column operations, while also addressing material regeneration, reusability potential, and molecular simulations to identify existing knowledge gaps.
Removing toxic contaminants from water supplies is critical for protecting public health and ecosystems. Evaluating sustainable, waste-derived, and advanced materials provides a foundation for replacing expensive or environmentally damaging treatment media with greener alternatives. Understanding how these adsorbents perform across varying operating conditions helps guide the development of cleaner, reusable filtration systems suitable for real-world environmental remediation.
Target applications centre on industrial and municipal wastewater filtration systems. The review highlights practical commercial requirements, specifically the need for rapid, cost-effective adsorbent production and formulation for continuous column operations with proven reusability. However, because the text synthesises broad academic literature covering characterisation, isotherm modelling, and simulations, the underlying technologies remain across early-stage and applied testing phases rather than near-market deployment.
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This review article evaluates and compares the efficiency of various sustainable adsorbents for the removal of noxious pollutants from water environments. This study discusses the various types of adsorbents concerning their performance and suitability. Adsorbent types include natural-based, carbon-based, waste-based, biomass-based, biopolymers-based, and nanocomposites-based adsorbents, as well as metallic organic frameworks, aerogels, networking crystalline solids, zeolite nanoparticles, and dendrimers were reviewed. Characterisation, modification, fabrication, adsorption capacities under different conditions, isotherm models, and kinetics of noxious pollutants were also reviewed. Adsorption capacities for different pH values, adsorbent doses, adsorbent concentrations, temperature, and the size of particles have been described. One of the basic needs in water and wastewater adsorbents is their formulation and optimisation, using columnar operations, and more importantly, they can be produced quickly and should be cost-effective. Various studies reported a broad range of values for the thermodynamic parameters for noxious pollutants, suggesting the adsorbent's nature as an essential factor affecting the thermodynamics of noxious pollutant sorption. The regeneration and reusability potential of other adsorbents have also been discussed, along with molecular modelling, simulation, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives of noxious pollutants from the water environments.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105303
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