review · Aquaculture Nutrition
Carp farming offers an affordable source of protein and creates employment globally, but intensification brings challenges like rising feed expenses and overreliance on antibiotics. Phytobiotics present a viable alternative to support sustainable production. Many of these plant-derived compounds originate from abundant, low-cost agricultural waste, while others are already manufactured commercially. Their use enhances growth rates, feed utilisation efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and resistance to disease in farmed carp. Practical application methods include incorporation into feed, immersion baths, and intraperitoneal injections. By exploring these sources and delivery techniques, the sector can identify ways to maintain fish health and farm productivity while reducing operational costs and chemical treatments.
Intensifying fish farming often leads to higher feed expenses and problematic antibiotic dependency. Using plant-based compounds, especially those recovered from agricultural residues, offers a practical way to improve fish health and growth naturally. This supports more affordable, sustainable food production while mitigating risks linked to antimicrobial resistance.
Fish farmers and aquafeed manufacturers could adopt phytobiotics as functional feed additives or disease management treatments. Some products are already commercialised and present on the market, while others sourced from agricultural waste represent lower-cost raw materials. Delivery methods such as dietary feeding offer immediately practical routes for farm-level deployment, whereas techniques like injection reflect more specialised interventions.
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Carp farming is a popular aquaculture activity that provides affordable protein sources and job opportunities to many people worldwide. As carp farming intensifies, farmers face major issues such as rising feed costs and excessive antibiotic usage. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore alternative resources to ensure the sustainability of the carp farming industry. One of the most promising resources is phytobiotics that possess various properties beneficial for carp production. Furthermore, most phytobiotics are derived from agricultural waste that is abundant and cheap, but some phytobiotics are produced commercially and available in the market. The main topics of this review are highlighted sources, characteristics of phytobiotics, and the usefulness of phytobiotics in improving growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, antioxidant activity, and health of carps against diseases. Furthermore, in this review, recent methods of administration of phytobiotics such as through feeding, bathing, and intraperitoneal injection in carp farming are also discussed and summarised.
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DOI: 10.1155/2022/7626675
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