article · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
Nanotechnology is driving substantial progress in biosensor design, providing tools for rapid and accurate detection across multiple domains. Recent developments in surface functionalisation, signal transduction, and detection limits have improved diagnostic capabilities. In healthcare, nano-enhanced biosensors facilitate early disease detection through biomarkers, precise therapeutic drug monitoring, and real-time health tracking. Environmental monitoring benefits from these sensors through the precise identification of pathogens and pollutants, helping safeguard air and water quality. For the food sector, these tools enable the swift detection of contaminants such as toxins, pesticide residues, and harmful microorganisms to meet safety requirements. The integration of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and three-dimensional printing offers further potential to enhance biosensing capabilities, though significant hurdles remain regarding manufacturing scalability and regulatory constraints.
Nano-enhanced biosensors make it possible to detect trace amounts of biological and chemical targets quickly and accurately. These capabilities are crucial for diagnosing diseases before symptoms worsen, preventing public exposure to contaminated food, and rapidly identifying pollutants in municipal water and air supplies, ultimately supporting public health and environmental protection.
Potential applications span point-of-care medical diagnostics, environmental compliance monitoring, and quality assurance in the food and agriculture industries. While the underlying sensing mechanisms are established across diverse detection scenarios, broader commercial deployment is constrained by manufacturing scalability and regulatory approval hurdles, indicating that many advanced implementations remain at the applied research and development stage rather than being immediately market-ready.
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The integration of nanotechnology into biosensor design has propelled significant advancements, transforming them into essential tools for precise and rapid detection in diverse fields. This comprehensive review highlights the latest innovations in nanotechnology-enhanced biosensors, emphasizing their role in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. It explores how advancements in signal transduction, detection limits, and surface functionalisation have enabled early disease diagnosis through biomarker detection, precise therapeutic drug monitoring, and real-time health assessments. In environmental applications, these biosensors offer unparalleled accuracy in detecting pollutants and pathogens, addressing critical challenges in water and air quality monitoring. In food safety, they ensure rapid identification of contaminants, including toxins, pesticide residues, and pathogens, supporting compliance with stringent safety standards. The review also examines challenges such as scalability and regulatory constraints, while discussing the transformative potential of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and 3D printing. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the evolving applications and future potential of nanotechnology-driven biosensors.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100783
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