Protective effect of hesperetin against myelosuppression and splenic inflammation via modulating TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling: molecular docking and experimental validation

Abstract

Introduction Myelotoxicity is a common adverse effect of vincristine and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Hesperetin is a bioactive flavanone with anti-inflammatory activity. This study was planned to examine the hesperetin protecting effect against vincristine induced myelosuppression and splenic inflammation in mice and test whether this effect is mediated through the suppression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MYD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Methods Bioinformatics tools were used to establish the rationale of the study and molecular docking defined the potential binding of hesperetin to TLR4. Mice were allocated into different experimental groups: Group 1: was the saline mice, Group 2; mice were injected with vincristine (0.1 mg/kg, i. p) for 5 days per week, Group 3; mice received vincristine (as in Group 2) plus hesperetin (100 mg/kg, p. o.) and Group 4; mice received hesperetin (100 mg/kg, p. o.) only; the experiment continued for 2 weeks. Results The mouse experiment showed that vincristine produced significant decreases in hematological parameters (mainly leukocytes dropped to 4.6 ± 0.32 and platelets dropped to 799.6 ± 25.46 versus 9.48 ± 0.19 and 1654 ± 273.26 × 10 ˄ 9/L in the saline group, p less than 0.05) and bone marrow hypocellularity (dropped to ∼30–40% compared to 95%–100% in the saline group). The spleens showed white pulp lymphoid depletion, red pulp mild hypocellularity, greater immunostaining for MYD88, and greater content for TLR4, NF-κB, MYD88, TNF-α and IL-1β proteins. Results of molecular docking showed that hesperetin is an interesting complementarity with the TLR4/MD2 interface which was a good rationale for the experimental validation. The mouse experiment showed that hesperetin prevented the decrease hematological parameters, enhanced the bone marrow cellularity to 80%–90%, and the splenic architecture. Hesperetin further inhibited the increases in the target proteins (TLR4, NF-κB, MYD88, TNF-α and IL-1β) significantly. Discussion The present data documents the novel role of hesperetin in mitigating myelotoxicity of vincristine through modulation of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling and a direct binding to TLR4 was proposed by molecular docking. This highlights possible usefulness of this combination after adequate clinical studies.