article · Frontiers in Water
Ancient water harvesting systems, including South Asian tank irrigation networks dating back thousands of years, historically sustained agriculture through community management. Post-independence policy changes and neglect led to widespread decline in India and Sri Lanka. Evaluating grey literature, policy documents, regulations, and pilot rehabilitation projects reveals that recent restoration initiatives have achieved limited long-term sustainability under changing climate conditions. Despite these setbacks, traditional tank systems remain vital for mitigating floods, droughts, and heat waves, as well as recharging groundwater and reducing soil erosion. Modern enhancements, such as integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning into water management, can improve disaster response, while eco-tourism can generate revenue for ongoing maintenance. Effective protection of these technologies requires policy reforms, formal legal recognition, greater community participation, and national resilience targets.
Traditional water harvesting networks offer time-tested mechanisms to cushion arid regions against climate extremes. Understanding the policy hurdles and management failures that limit their modern rehabilitation helps planners protect vital water supplies. Integrating these ancient infrastructures with contemporary digital tools and community management can improve disaster response, recharge depleted groundwater, and support broader sustainable development goals.
The findings point towards applications in digital water governance, specifically using artificial intelligence and machine learning for disaster management, alongside community-based eco-tourism ventures to fund infrastructure upkeep. Likely end users include municipal water boards, disaster response agencies, and irrigation authorities. Because the analysis centres on policy reviews and pilot rehabilitation assessments, the operational solutions remain at an early, strategic stage of deployment rather than being immediate commercial products.
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Introduction Ancient water harvesting systems, such as those from the Indus Valley Civilization (~3500 BCE), have been vital for irrigation and climate resilience, especially in arid regions. One such prominent system in South Asia, called tank irrigation, initially thrived through community management but declined post-independence due to colonial policies and neglect in Sri Lanka and India. This study evaluates current policy frameworks and rehabilitation programs to enhance the resilience of these systems in India, develop strategies for their protection and adaptation to climate change, and integrate global lessons for sustainable development. Methods A systematic meta-analysis of grey literature was conducted to aggregate data on policy constraints. Policy analysis involved detailed investigations of relevant documents, regulations, and comparative analyses of frameworks at regional and national levels. Pilot projects on tank rehabilitation were assessed through reported case studies and field surveys to gauge impact. Thematic analysis was used to explore the global potential of these systems in climate resilience and overall environmental sustainability. Results The analysis showed that pilot projects for tank rehabilitation had limited success in achieving sustainability under current climate conditions. Tank irrigation systems are crucial for adapting to extreme weather, including floods, droughts, and heat waves, replenishing groundwater, reducing soil erosion, and ensuring reliable water supplies. Traditional water harvesting technologies support 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including clean water access, hunger reduction, gender equality, and climate action. Integrating AI and machine learning in water management benefits disaster response, while eco-tourism aids system maintenance and cultural awareness. Discussion The study underscores the need for policy reforms to enhance tank rehabilitation and institutional arrangements. It calls for increased beneficiary participation and constitutional recognition of current practices. Strategic, national-scale assessments and resilience targets are recommended to improve the effectiveness of such water harvesting systems in mitigating natural hazards and enhancing environmental services.
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DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1441365
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