article · Scientific Reports
-to-feed ratio). A subsequent sulfur removal of 89% was achieved through post-treatment with a DMF-acetonitrile solvent mixture (4:1 solvent-to-feed ratio), validating the synergy between catalytic oxidation and solvent extraction. The exceptional performance by this Fe-Co-Ni composite was further amplified by a structure modification through production of core-shell composite using a layer of polystyrene. This composite achieved reduction of sulfur content to 920 ppm (from 21,700 ppm in feedstock) which represented a sulfur removal percentage of approximately 96%. Therefore, the introduced approach can be considered for scalable and energy-efficient processes for producing low-sulfur diesel, aligning with global environmental demands.
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-39220-0
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